{"id":57061,"date":"2019-07-31T05:35:26","date_gmt":"2019-07-31T03:35:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/"},"modified":"2024-04-22T12:15:33","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T10:15:33","slug":"most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/","title":{"rendered":"Most important pathologies in poultry farming and salmon production"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

The fourth session of the\u00a032nd International Biovet Symposium<\/a>\u00a0, held on May 27-28 at the Chamber of Commerce of Tarragona, focused on common pathologies in the fields of poultry and aquaculture.<\/p>\n

The first conference reviewed the\u00a014\u00a0most prevalent diseases in poultry production\u00a0<\/strong>, followed by a conference focused on the\u00a0most frequent diseases in salmon farming\u00a0<\/strong>.\u00a0The session was complemented by another conference dedicated to the\u00a0most important zoonoses in poultry production\u00a0<\/strong>, and then it closed up with an informative conference on European legislation related to the\u00a0management of poultry farms\u00a0<\/strong>from the perspective of the regional government of Catalonia.<\/p>\n

The top 14 worldwide avian pathology<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dr.\u00a0J\u00falia Pi\u00e9 from Biovet SA\u00a0began her conference with a theoretical introduction on the basic principles of forensic veterinary medicine, and then went on to listing some pathologies that currently have the greatest impact on the poultry industry worldwide.<\/p>\n

\"Avian

Top 14 avian pathologies<\/p><\/div>\n

Of all the pathologies discussed during the conference, Dr. Pie went particularly in depth onto\u00a0coccidiosis\u00a0<\/strong>,\u00a0necrotic enteritis\u00a0<\/strong>,\u00a0infectious toxic hepatoenteritis\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0infections caused by\u00a0Shigella\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

The\u00a0clinical coccidiosis<\/a> in poultry\u00a0is caused by a protozoa of the Eimeria<\/em> type\u00a0and the main consequences are stunting, poor feed conversion and mortality, amongst others\u00a0.\u00a0Lesions caused by this digestive parasitosis, if not controlled in time, can trigger\u00a0other infectious processes such\u00a0as\u00a0necrotic enteritis<\/a>\u00a0, caused by toxins produced by\u00a0Clostridium perfringens\u00a0<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Avian Toxic Hepatoenteritis<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

The\u00a0avian toxic hepatoenteritis affects chicks and\u00a0chickens<\/strong> and can cause injuries to a large number of vital organs.\u00a0It is usually related to vitellum contamination by SH2 enterobacteria, especially\u00a0Salmonella\u00a0<\/em>,\u00a0Pseudomona\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0Proteus\u00a0<\/em>.\u00a0The toxins produced by this infection can poison the liver, also affecting other limbs such as the intestine, the gizzard and the cornea layer due to the regurgitation of fluids coming from the vitellum.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Some of the most common physical symptoms related to toxic avian hepatoenteritis\u00a0are usually weight loss, unilateral lameness in chicks or crest involution in adult chickens, among others.<\/p>\n

Shigella infection<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Shigella sp\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0is an enterobacteria usually transmitted by oral infection due to faecal contamination<\/strong>, mainly through drinking water.\u00a0Shigella<\/em> infection may develop into hepatitis involving multiple focal necrosis.\u00a0Shigella\u00a0<\/em>infection\u00a0is vertically transmitted through the vitellum.\u00a0Like Salmonella<\/em>, Shigella<\/em> has a tendency to form thoracic nodules.\u00a0However,\u00a0unlike Salmonella<\/em>, Shigella <\/em>nodules tend to appear on the chest wall.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

This infection\u00a0is considered\u00a0emergent\u00a0in America and Asia, and can trigger episodes of enteritis and in the bile ducts – white dots.\u00a0It is important to establish prevention methods from an early age with the use of intestinal biocides.\u00a0Treatment in adult breeders and layers must be carried out by the use of antibiotics that perform an\u00a0enterohepatic\u00a0cycle, such as\u00a0beta-lactams\u00a0and quinolones.<\/p>\n

Predisposing factors<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dr. Pi\u00e9 concluded her talk by stating that most infectious agents require\u00a0\u00a0the presence of\u00a0some predisposing factors\u00a0<\/strong>to cause a disease, since they tend not to be pathogens originally by themselves. Most frequent predisposing factors can be grouped into 5 groups\u00a0: the presence of mycotoxins;\u00a0poor hygiene in feed;\u00a0biotin deficiency;\u00a0enzymatic deficiency;\u00a0and lack of pronutrients\u00a0.<\/p>\n

Review on pathologies affecting Atlantic salmon farming<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Fiona Groves, coordinator of regulatory compliance at Pontus Research Ltd. in the UK\u00a0,\u00a0led the second conference of\u00a0the\u00a0session with\u00a0a summary of diseases of\u00a0high\u00a0importance in\u00a0aquaculture\u00a0<\/strong>.\u00a0Specifically, Groves delved into a total of 18 frequent and emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic pathologies in the\u00a0Atlantic salmon production<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0around the world.<\/p>\n

By introducing the attendees into the topic, Groves stated that world production of farmed Atlantic salmon will\u00a0reach 2.5 million tons in 2019. However, the overall impact of pathologies in this species is causing\u00a0losses\u00a0of nearly USD 6,000 million per year to this sector, being the main restricting factor for further industry expansion.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Viral pathologies<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Amongst the main viral diseases with available treatment exposed by Groves, there was Pancreas Disease (PD)<\/strong> with high presence in Norway affects salmon growth, increases feed conversion rate and can cause high mortality\u00a0.\u00a0Although vaccines are available for its treatment, their effectiveness has been questioned.\u00a0Another of the diseases highlighted was\u00a0Infectious Pancreatic\u00a0Necrosis\u00a0(IPN)\u00a0<\/strong>, for which the vaccines developed have shown a greater degree of effectiveness.\u00a0 Also\u00a0Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA)\u00a0<\/strong> for which there is a vaccine available in Chile, where it has caused significant losses but it\u00a0is not\u00a0available\u00a0to farmed fish producers in\u00a0the European Union.<\/p>\n

Amongst the viral diseases for which vaccines have not yet been developed, Groves highlighted\u00a0Infectious Hematopoietic\u00a0Necrosis\u00a0(IHN).<\/strong> There is no available treatment beyond biosecurity prevention methods such as\u00a0broodstock eggs\u2019 disinfection.\u00a0Another of the diseases that have\u00a0no vaccine is the\u00a0Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI)<\/strong>, which is often related to stress periods. Its prevalence is currently on the rise within fish farms around the world and accounts for the third most common viral disease Norway.<\/p>\n

Bacterial pathologies<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bacterial diseases found in Atlantic salmon that currently have some form of treatment, either antibiotic or via vaccination, are\u00a0vibriosis\u00a0<\/strong>,\u00a0cold water vibriosis\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0furunculosis<\/strong>. There are vaccines available generally delivering positive outcomes\u00a0.\u00a0Cases of \u00a0Enteric Redmouth (ERM)\u00a0<\/strong> have proved to be particularly serious in the past in countries such as Australia. There are vaccines and antibiotic treatments on the market, although the latter has shown cases of resistance.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Salmon Rickettsial Disease (SRD)\u00a0<\/strong>, with high prevalence in producing countries such as Chile and causing up to 90% of mortality within infected specimens, have inactivated and adjuvanted injectable vaccines on the market,\u00a0although attenuated vaccines\u00a0 are still not available.\u00a0 Winter Ulcer Disease\u00a0<\/strong>is another of the pathologies with a high degree of incidence, especially due to its difficult detection\u00a0and the limited effect of its vaccination and antibiotic treatments. \u00a0It is one of the pathologies that generate higher economic losses in fish farms around the world .<\/p>\n

Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD)\u00a0<\/strong>was highlighted by Groves as it currently has no effective treatment\u00a0compared to the aforementioned bacterial diseases\u00a0.\u00a0It can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally and its systemic infection causes a chronic disease on the infected specimens.<\/p>\n

Parasitic pathologies<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Regarding parasitic pathologies Groves highlighted\u00a0Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)<\/strong>, which is more prevalent within fingerlings and young individuals.\u00a0The causative parasite (Neoparamoeba perurans<\/em> protozoa)\u00a0can survive in dead fish, sediments\u00a0and\u00a0cages. Serious outbreaks have been reported in fish farms in Ireland, Scotland and Norway between 2011 and 2013, although there are treatments available in the market.<\/p>\n

Another of the disease with great prevalence and generating\u00a0important economic losses\u00a0worldwide is caused by\u00a0sea \u200b\u200blice\u00a0.\u00a0<\/strong>In Norway alone, losses in 2011 were around of USD 436 million. The two main parasite species of this type specific to salmonids\u00a0are\u00a0Lepeophtheirus salmonis\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0Caligus <\/em>elongatus. The infection occurs in seawater stages and \u00a0there is no vaccine against this pathology, although there are numerous feed treatments and pharmaceutical baths.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) <\/strong>has no specific treatment nowadays.\u00a0However, predictions of potential future vaccines have been made given the resistance developed by the surviving specimens. Research is also underway for future vaccines to combat\u00a0White Spot Disease\u00a0<\/strong>in Salmon (ICH)\u00a0, which usually occurs in freshwater stages and is\u00a0significantly\u00a0important because of its incidence worldwide.<\/p>\n

Finally,\u00a0Groves explained how\u00a0the\u00a0Gyrodatylus parasite\u00a0<\/strong>adheres to Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout specimens and\u00a0feeds on its skin, blood and mucus.\u00a0The digestive solution that it secretes causes damage to the epidermis, thus being a potential source for other infections.\u00a0Cases have been reported with up to 95% mortality.\u00a0A specific treatment is not yet available, although it has this parasite has shown limited sensitivity to formalin.<\/p>\n

Most important zoonoses in poultry: regulatory mechanisms in Argentina<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dr.\u00a0Roberto Minetti<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0representative of the\u00a0National Health and Food Quality Service\u00a0of Argentina (SENASA),\u00a0gave a talk focused on the\u00a0most common diseases in poultry production<\/strong>.\u00a0He firstly introduced his presentation with a theoretical approach to emerging and re-emerging diseases, and their causative agents: viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi.\u00a0A few examples were given when introducing direct transmission viral\u00a0<\/strong>diseases, such as avian influenza;\u00a0diseases\u00a0vector-transmitted viral diseases\u00a0<\/strong>, such as West Nile encephalitis;\u00a0bacterial-transmitted diseases\u00a0<\/strong>, such as salmonellosis and campilobacteriosis\u00a0, among others.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Subsequently, viruses\u2019 mechanism of adaptation was introduced with an example of\u00a0mutation, rearrangement and re\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0emergence\u00a0processes <\/strong>experienced by the Spanish Flu strain. It was subsequently followed by an approach to the\u00a0 mechanisms of\u00a0bacterial resistance to antibiotics<\/strong>.\u00a0Finally, the SENASA\u2019s regulatory mechanisms concerning the avian health were introduced.<\/p>\n

Management of poultry farms: regulatory framework\u00a0in the European Union<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The closing conference of the fourth and final session of the International Biovet Symposium 2019 came from the hand of Mrs. Montse\u00a0\u00c1lamos\u00a0, head of the Livestock Management Service of the Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing and Food of the regional government of Catalonia.\u00a0In an introductory way, the talk introduced the regulatory framework of the European Union applied to both Spanish and Catalonia.\u00a0In parallel, data and graphics about European state members\u2019 poultry meat and egg were shown.<\/p>\n

Next, Mrs.\u00a0\u00c1lamos\u00a0introduced the\u00a0regulatory framework in force in Europe\u00a0<\/strong>in relation to the specifications\u00a0of production\u00a0holdings\u00a0for self-consumption and industrial production. Moreover,\u00a0, legislative specifications on different poultry breeding methods \u2013 caged<\/strong>, on\u00a0floor<\/strong>,\u00a0free range\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0organic production\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 and current regulations on\u00a0biosecurity, animal health and welfare, environmental pollution and marketing regulations<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Subsequently\u00a0, the content of the talk began to focus on conventional and alternative meat and egg production systems\u00a0, from which the general requirements and standards were introduced in aspects such as the types of feed to be used, drinking water accessibility, bed, room availability, noise and lighting standards, cleaning and\u00a0disinfection measures, as well as monitoring and data recording.<\/p>\n

Finally, with regard to\u00a0alternative production\u00a0systems\u00a0, Mrs.\u00a0\u00c1lamos\u00a0provided relevant data on regulatory and labelling standards in the extensive free range breeding methods.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The fourth session of the\u00a032nd International Biovet Symposium\u00a0, held on May 27-28 at the Chamber of Commerce of Tarragona, focused on common pathologies in the fields of poultry and aquaculture. The first conference reviewed the\u00a014\u00a0most prevalent diseases in poultry production\u00a0, followed by a conference focused on the\u00a0most frequent diseases in salmon farming\u00a0.\u00a0The session was complemented […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1610,1555,1918],"tags":[1933,1720,1752,1956,1957,1721,1958],"class_list":["post-57061","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aquaculture","category-news","category-poultry","tag-additives-for-animal-nutrition","tag-clostridium","tag-enteritis","tag-necrotic-enteritis","tag-pathology","tag-salmonella","tag-salmons"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMost important pathologies in poultry farming and salmon production - Biovet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Most important pathologies in poultry farming and salmon production - Biovet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The fourth session of the\u00a032nd International Biovet Symposium\u00a0, held on May 27-28 at the Chamber of Commerce of Tarragona, focused on common pathologies in the fields of poultry and aquaculture. The first conference reviewed the\u00a014\u00a0most prevalent diseases in poultry production\u00a0, followed by a conference focused on the\u00a0most frequent diseases in salmon farming\u00a0.\u00a0The session was complemented […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Biovet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-07-31T03:35:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-04-22T10:15:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/salmon-atlantico-patologias-prevalentes-e1564511792610.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"473\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/6f71c2ce81d7f5c20eaa1c0080880ce3\"},\"headline\":\"Most important pathologies in poultry farming and salmon production\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-07-31T03:35:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-04-22T10:15:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/\"},\"wordCount\":1639,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/salmon-atlantico-patologias-prevalentes-e1564511792610.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"additives for animal nutrition\",\"Clostridium\",\"enteritis\",\"necrotic enteritis\",\"pathology\",\"Salmonella\",\"salmons\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Aquaculture\",\"News\",\"Poultry\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/biovet-alquermes.com\/en\/2019\/07\/31\/most-important-pathologies-in-poultry-farming-and-salmon-production\/\",\"name\":\"Most important pathologies in poultry farming and salmon production - 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